In our ongoing series on Linux system insights, we have a look into essential command-line utilities that provide information about the system’s hardware and status. Following our previous discussions on lscpu, lsusb, dmidecode and lspci, we now turn our attention to lsof and lsblk. These tools are particularly useful for investigating open files, active network connections, and mounted block devices on your Fedora Linux system.
Exploring open files with lsof
lsof (list open files) is a powerful command-line tool. Since almost everything in Linux is treated as a file, lsof provides detailed insight into many parts of your system by listing what files are being used, which processes are accessing them, and even which network ports are open (see e.g. Wikipedia on Network socket for more information).
Basic usage
To start with, execute the basic lsof command to get an overview of the system’s open files:
$ sudo lsof
sudo was used for extended privileges. This is needed to get information about files not opened by processes started by your user. The command outputs a lot of information which can be overwhelming. We are going to narrow down the output to specific information about some common use cases in the following examples.
Example 1: Finding open files by user or process
To identify which files a specific user or process has open, lsof can be very helpful.
To list all files opened by a specific user:
$ sudo lsof -u <username>
This will return a list of open files owned by the given user. For example:
$ sudo lsof -u johndoe
You’ll see details such as the process ID (PID), the file descriptor, the type of file, and the file’s path.
To filter by process, use the -p flag:
$ lsof -p <PID>
This is particularly useful for troubleshooting issues related to specific processes or when you need to check which files a service is holding open. Use sudo if the process is not owned by your user.
Example output:
$ lsof -p 873648
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash 873648 user cwd DIR 0,39 8666 257 /home/user
bash 873648 user rtd DIR 0,35 158 256 /
bash 873648 user txt REG 0,35 1443376 12841259 /usr/bin/bash
bash 873648 user mem REG 0,33 12841259 /usr/bin/bash (path dev=0,35)
bash 873648 user mem REG 0,33 14055145 /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive (path dev=0,35)
bash 873648 user mem REG 0,33 14055914 /usr/lib64/libc.so.6 (path dev=0,35)
bash 873648 user mem REG 0,33 13309071 /usr/lib64/libtinfo.so.6.4 (path dev=0,35)
bash 873648 user mem REG 0,33 14059926 /usr/lib64/gconv/gconv-modules.cache (path dev=0,35)
bash 873648 user mem REG 0,33 14055911 /usr/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (path dev=0,35)
bash 873648 user 0u CHR 136,3 0t0 6 /dev/pts/3
bash 873648 user 1u CHR 136,3 0t0 6 /dev/pts/3
bash 873648 user 2u CHR 136,3 0t0 6 /dev/pts/3
bash 873648 user 255u CHR 136,3 0t0 6 /dev/pts/3
Example 2: identifying open network connections via sockets
With its ability to list network connections, lsof also becomes a handy tool for diagnosing network-related issues as it is usually even available on hardened, minimal systems.
To display all open network connections (TCP/UDP sockets), run:
$ sudo lsof -i
This will list active Internet connections along with the associated protocol, port, and process details.
You can filter for specific protocols (like TCP or UDP), include or exclude IPv4 and v6 and combine several values (the example section of man lsof provides a lot of useful information, including negation):
$ sudo lsof -i tcp
$ sudo lsof -i udp
$ sudo lsof -i 4tcp
$ sudo lsof -i 6tcp
$ sudo lsof -i 4tcp@example.com
For connections associated with a particular port:
$ sudo lsof -i :<port_number>
For example, to list connections to port 22 (SSH):
$ sudo lsof -i :22
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
sshd 904379 root 3u IPv4 5622530 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
sshd 904379 root 4u IPv6 5622532 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
This information can be critical for identifying unauthorized connections or simply monitoring network activity on a system for debugging.
Investigating block devices with lsblk
Another useful tool is lsblk, which displays information about all available block devices on your system. Block devices include hard drives, SSDs, and USB storage. This command provides a tree-like view, helping you understand the relationships between partitions, devices, and their mount points.
Basic usage
Running lsblk without any options provides a clean hierarchical structure of the block devices:
$ lsblk
This shows all block devices in a tree structure, including their size, type (disk, partition), and mount point (if applicable).
Examples
For a deeper look into the file systems on your block devices, use the -f flag:
$ lsblk -f
This will display not just the block devices, but also details about the file systems on each partition, including the type (e.g., ext4, vfat, swap), the UUID, and the current mount points.
If you want less information about the devices themselves (without showing partitions or mount points), the -d option is useful:
$ lsblk -d
There is also a -J or –json option. If used, the command outputs the information in JSON format. This provides a structured view that is particularly useful for scripting and automation.
Example outputs from my laptop (some long information like UUIDs stripped for readability):
$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 1 0B 0 disk
sdb 8:16 1 0B 0 disk
sdc 8:32 1 0B 0 disk
zram0 252:0 0 8G 0 disk [SWAP]
nvme0n1 259:0 0 931,5G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 929,9G 0 part
└─luks-84257c20[...] 253:0 0 929,9G 0 crypt /home
$ lsblk -d
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 1 0B 0 disk
sdb 8:16 1 0B 0 disk
sdc 8:32 1 0B 0 disk
zram0 252:0 0 8G 0 disk [SWAP]
nvme0n1 259:0 0 931,5G 0 disk
$ lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE [...]LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS
sda
sdb
sdc
zram0 [SWAP]
nvme0n1
├─nvme0n1p1 vfat 4C5B-4355 579,7M 3% /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 ext4 30eff827[...] 605M 31% /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 crypto_LUKS 84257c20[...]
└─luks-84257[...] btrfs fe[...] 666f9d6f[...] 303,1G 67% /home
/
$ lsblk -f -J
{
"blockdevices": [
[...],{
"name": "nvme0n1",
"fstype": null,
"fsver": null,
"label": null,
"uuid": null,
"fsavail": null,
"fsuse%": null,
"mountpoints": [
null
],
"children": [
{
"name": "nvme0n1p1",
"fstype": "vfat",
"fsver": "FAT32",
"label": null,
"uuid": "4C5B-4355",
"fsavail": "579,7M",
"fsuse%": "3%",
"mountpoints": [
"/boot/efi"
]
},{
"name": "nvme0n1p2",
"fstype": "ext4",
"fsver": "1.0",
"label": null,
"uuid": "30eff827-[...]",
"fsavail": "605M",
"fsuse%": "31%",
"mountpoints": [
"/boot"
]
},{
"name": "nvme0n1p3",
"fstype": "crypto_LUKS",
"fsver": "2",
"label": null,
"uuid": "84257c20-[...]",
"fsavail": null,
"fsuse%": null,
"mountpoints": [
null
],
"children": [
{
"name": "luks-[...]",
"fstype": "btrfs",
"fsver": null,
"label": "fedora_localhost-live",
"uuid": "666f9d6f-[...]",
"fsavail": "303,1G",
"fsuse%": "67%",
"mountpoints": [
"/home", "/"
]
}
]
}
]
}
]
}
Conclusion
The lsof and lsblk commands are providing insights into file usage, network activity, and block device structures. Whether you’re tracking down open file handles, diagnosing network connections, or reviewing storage devices; whether you’re troubleshooting, optimizing, or simply curious; these tools provide valuable data that can help you better understand and manage your Fedora Linux environment. See you next time when we will have a look at more useful listing and information command line tools and how to use them.
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